L'approche herméneutique du vouloir-dire, représentée ici par Martin Heidegger et Hans Lipps décrit le véritable lieu d'origine de ce qu'on appelle signification dans l'expérience que chacun fait de sa situation, et donc antérieurement à tout langage. La signification n'apparaît pas alors simplement comme le contenu idéal et théorique du discours, mais semble en première analyse appartenir à la tournure pratique d'une situation : elle est ce que l'on comprend d'une chose quand on en détermine les emplois possibles en vue d'une (...) fin déterminée. Mais du point de vue des herméneutiques heideggerienne et lippsienne, cette détermination pragmatique de la signification demeure incomplète tant que ne lui est pas ajoutée une compréhension langagière de la signification qui échappe justement à tout pragmatisme. Il s'avère alors que le rôle du vouloir-dire, de la signification attachée au discours effectivement prononcé, est de compléter les significations attachées aux choses dans une situation donnée. La parole n'a pas pour rôle de simplement refléter les significations préalablement données dans l'expérience pratique de la situation, mais doit au contraire les compléter en les faisant assumer par quelqu'un. La signification du discours, le vouloir-dire, est un vouloir-se-dire du locuteur, sans lequel les significations pragmatiques de la situation demeureraient inachevées. (shrink)

The possible role of the neurotransmitter serotonin in human affiliative behavior is under-examined in the review by Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky (D&M-S). This commentary reviews evidence indicating that serotonin not only inhibits aggressive behavior that may be detrimental to affiliative bonds with others in a social group but serotonin also enhances prosocial behaviors that may facilitate ties to the social group.

Polyclonal antibodies raised against the human erythrocyte nucleoside transporter were used to investigate the distribution of the nucleoside transporters in the placenta. Immunoblots of brush-border membranes isolated from the human syncytiotrophoblast revealed a cross-reactive species that co-migrated with the erythrocyte nucleoside transporter as a broad band of apparent M 55,000. In contrast, no labelling was detected in basal membranes containing a similar number of equilibrative nucleoside transporters as assessed by nitrobenzylthioinosine -binding. The absence of cross-reactive epitopes in basal membranes and (...) their presence in brush-border membranes was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. The results suggest that at least two isoforms of the NBMPR-sensitive nucleoside transporter are present in the human placenta. The lumenal surfaces of fetal capillaries, small placental vessels and umbilical vein ware also strongly labelled by the antibody, a finding that suggests that the high fetal-placental adenosine uptake previously reported is due to endothelial transporters. (shrink)

This article presents an investigation of the organization and structures of talk-in-interaction over mobile phone. The analysis is based upon naturally occurring data consisting of a corpus of calls recorded during everyday activities of a young adult. Using these data we reveal a range of sequential phenomena associated with mobile phone usage. Established conversation analytic work on landline telephone conversation is used in order to build a comparative analysis of how actions such as openings, caller–called identity management, and topic (...) introduction are accomplished in mobile vs landline telephone conversation. We first show that, far from revolutionizing the organization of telephone conversation, mobile phone talk retains many of the norms associated with landline phone talk. Subsequently, focusing on those modifications that are identifiable in our data, we show how these are related to aspects of the communicative affordances of mobile phones, orientations to which are observable in the talk of participants in mobile phone conversation. (shrink)

L'objet chez Duchamp n'est ni la chose ni la matière : c'est un concept artistique. L'objet duchampien fait disparaître la signification habituelle d'une chose quotidienne sous un nouveau titre. Sur la base de cette définition de l'objet duchampien, nous développons trois hypothèses : l'objet ou le mensonge pictural, ce qui n'est pas l'objet ou la chose elle-même, et l'idée de l'objet duchampien ou la chose indirecte. À travers l'esthétique et la méthode de Duchamp, nous en venons à conclure que l'objet (...) duchampien est mensonge pictural et chose indirecte. Car Duchamp profite du mensonge, au sens de Platon, qui ne se réalise que dans l'art, et il présente méthodiquement la chose quotidienne comme chose indirecte. (shrink)

Avant d'être un ensemble de lois et de normes, de se conjuguer à l'impératif à la manière kantienne, l'éthique n'est-elle pas d'abord, radicalement, relation responsable à Autrui, au Visage d'Autrui, dans lequel s'annonce énigmatiquement une forme de transcendance qui désigne un au-delà du sujet que je suis et du prochain qui me fait face? Relation qui est d'emblée appel, "vocation" et suscite une réponse. L'éthique est "réponse", "responsabilité" tant sur le plan des rapports intersubjectifs que sur celui des rapports réglés (...) par l'anonymat des règles et dispositifs institutionnels (moraux, juridiques, politiques, etc.), elle est démarche personnelle et pratique collective. C'est le concept de responsabilité qui fournit le principe d'intelligibilité de l'éthique exposée dans ce livre et envisagée, toutes différences sauvegardées, en son statut séculier comme en sa reprise dans la mouvance de la foi. (shrink)

The paper discusses Iris Marion Young's idea of asymmetric reciprocity that rethinks typical understandings of gift giving. Iris Marion Young's proposals for asymmetric ethical relationships have important implications for democratic contexts that seek to take differences seriously. Imagining oneself in the place of the other or expecting from the other what one expects from oneself levels out differences between people and hinders possibilities of interaction. The conditions of asymmetry and reciprocity of Iris Marion Young's communicative ethics, as (...) well as that of the unexpected as understood within situations of gift giving, bring about new readings of learning and teaching situations. The paper discusses issues of power and knowledge that have important ethical implications for how the relationships between the teacher and student could be imagined and how the teacher and student imagine themselves. Following Derridean underpinnings to Young's notion of asymmetric reciprocity the paper questions pedagogic attempts that seek to minimize the asymmetric positions of the teacher and the student and challenges educational practices based on the reproduction of knowledge and reproduction of persons. The paper follows Young's arguments against Derrida's reading of asymmetry as being one sided. It argues that such a reading does away with the idea of teaching and learning altogether as teaching necessarily involves acts of responding. It continues to argue that Young's conceptualizations of gift giving as reciprocal and asymmetrical open up alternative understandings of the pedagogic relationships between teachers and students. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage porte sur l'homme et sur sa quête de sens. Dans une perspective philosophique, nous y examinons les grands types de discours qui organisent notre rapport au monde et qui contribuent ainsi à la recherche humaine d'une vie plus sensée: la philosophie, la mythologie, la religion et la science. Ces discours offrent à la conscience des peuples et des civilisations leurs repères culturels fondamentaux. Ils déterminent les croyances partagées, les savoirs admis et les valeurs sacrées, d'où l'intérêt de les (...) examiner et de voir comment ils contribuent à nous guider. Cela nous permet bien sûr de circonscrire l'apport singulier de la philosophie à la question du sens de la vie. Nous nous arrêterons en particuliers à cet égard à la contribution que nous ont léguée trois grands philosophes de l'Antiquité grecque, Platon, Aristote et Epicure. (shrink)

Young citizens are increasingly being invited to take part in participatory democracy meetings as joint decision-making has grown popular in public administration. The backbone of participatory democracy is that some authority is granted to the citizenry and by drawing on video data from a year-long participatory project, this conversation analytic study shows that the adolescents are instructed to a deontic role rooted in epistemics, benefactive considerations, as well as temporal aspects relating to future citizenship and hope. The institutional representatives (...) perform actions that determine how the adolescents should, in their turn, perform actions of influence. In this way, authority is ascribed through an ambivalent configuration in which compliance with the directives is supposed to establish a strengthened deontic position. (shrink)

L’article revient sur une étude liminaire de Pierre Bonnard, grand inspirateur du Séminaire de culture théologique. Consacré au concept néotestamentaire d’« édification », ce court texte publié en début de carrière reflète non seulement l’approche exégétique de celui qui fut professeur de Nouveau Testament à la Faculté de théologie libre de Lausanne, puis à l’Université de la même ville, mais aussi sa représentation de la formation théologique en tradition chrétienne.

Les projets de Michel Henry et de Gilles Deleuze – si éloignés soient-ils – possèdent néanmoins la particularité décisive de venir se « rejoindre », au sein de leur conception respective de la picturalité, et ceci sur un point déterminant : la mise en question de la notion de « représentation ». C’est pourquoi, dans le cadre très circonscrit de cet article, j’aimerais proposer une lecture interprétative – très synthétique, voire schématique par endroits – des ouvrages portant respectivement s...

Contrairement à l’opinio communis selon laquelle le modèle de l’« Église de maison » se serait formé et développé aux origines du christianisme, dans le sillage de la mission paulinienne entre autres, la présente étude s’intéresse à l’indétermination topographique dont l’apôtre Paul entoure son ecclésiologie et questionne ses incidences sur les hiérarchies et statuts socioculturels dans lesquels la maisonnée antique rivaient ses membres au quotidien.

Si l'invention du sens moderne du mot Etat est due a Machiavel, c'est au XVIIIe siecle que, apres la paix d'Utrecht, l'institution etatique prit franchement le visage de la modernite. Faisant suite a l'Etat baroque (1610-1652) et a l'Etat classique (1652-1715), l'Etat moderne (1715-1848) donna corps aux espoirs de paix, de justice, de bonheur et de liberte secretes par la philosophie des lumieres. Il realisa les grandes mutations juridiques qui devaient contribuer a forger l'epure de l'Idee republicaine a laquelle la (...) Revolution de France donna sa premiere forme historique. Cet ouvrage s'est voulu pluridisciplinaire. En rassemblant des contributions dont la tonalite est historique, juridique, litteraire, philosophique ou politologique, il a pour objectif d'apporter sur la periode fascinante de l'histoire occidentale ou s'est affirme l'Etat moderne, des eclairages diversifies complementaires. (shrink)

En 1933-1934, Simone Weil était professeur à Roanne. Dans un petit pavillon isolé au fond d'un parc, sur l'herbe ou sous la neige, elle enseigna alors la philosophie à quelques élèves. On découvrira ici, à travers les notes recueillies par une de ces jeunes filles, ce que furent ces leçons, véritables entretiens socratiques. Le lecteur y reconnaîtra l'unité profonde de Simone Weil dont la vie brève fut intensément consacrée à la recherche de la vérité.

There seems to be an important historical connexion between changes in the concept of evidence and that of the person capable of giving evidence. Michel Foucault urged that during the classical age the relationship between evidence and the person was reversed: scholasticism derived statements’ authority from that of their authors, while scientists now hold that matters of fact are the most impersonal of statements.1 In a similar vein, Ian Hacking defines a kind of evidence which ‘consists in one thing pointing (...) beyond itself’, and claims that until the early modern period ‘testimony and authority were primary, and things could count as evidence only insofar as they resembled the witness of observers and the authority of books’.2 This captures a rather familiar theme of the ideology of early modern natural philosophy. Nullius in verba was the Royal Society of London’s motto. Robert Boyle, doyen of the Society’s experimental philosophers, tried to build up the credit of laboratory objects at the expense of untrustworthy humans. He reckoned that ‘inanimate bodies … are not capable of prepossessions, or giving us partial informations’, while vulgar men may be influenced by predispositions, and so many other circumstances, that they may easily give occasion to mistakes’. So an inanimate body’s deeds could function as signs of some other state of affairs in a way that the stories of vulgar humans could not.3 1. See Michel Foucault, L’Ordre du discours: Leçon inaugurale au Collêge de France prononcée le 2 décembre 1970 .2. Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference , pp. 34, 33.3. Quoted in Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air Pump , p. 218. See also Peter Dear, ‘Totius in verba:’ Rhetoric and Authority in the Early Royal Society’, Isis 76 : 145-61. Simon Schaffer lectures in history and philosophy at the University of Cambridge. He is the coauthor of Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life and coauthors of The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences. (shrink)

The Bells of Sevastopol: On Nietzsche's First Musical Composition. This article offers an interpretation and new dating of Nietzsche’s early musical compositions. These documents – harmony exercises and small compositions – are crucial for understanding the beginning of Nietzsche’s study of music. Of these musical scores, the most interesting is the so-called “melody fragment.” This short “melody” is not simply an adolescent’s attempt to write music; it is instead an interesting document on the intellectual activity of the young Nietzsche (...) during the years of the Crimean War. A comparison of some notebooks of the period reveals similarities that allow us a precise dating. Moreover, this “melody” suggestively recalls the death knell after “the fall of Sevastopol.”. (shrink)

This essay examines the fundamental role of veterinarians in companion animal practice by developing the idea of veterinarians as strong advocates for their nonhuman animal patients. While the practitioner-patient relationship has been explored extensively in medical ethics, the relation between practitioner and animal patient has received relatively less attention in the expanding but still young field of veterinary ethics. Over recent decades, social and professional ethical perspectives on human-animal relationships have undergone major change. Today, the essential role of veterinarians (...) is not entirely clear. Furthermore, veterinarians routinely face pressure, often insidious, to refrain from pursuing their patients’ vital interests. In exploring the concept of strong patient advocacy, this essay investigates the increasingly common suggestion that veterinarians have ‘primary obligation’ and ‘first allegiance’ to their animal patients rather than to other parties, such as their clients or employers. The related concept of a fiduciary duty, which is sometimes encountered in medical ethics, is similarly explored as it applies to companion animal practice. The resultant idea of a strong patient advocate places companion animal veterinarians conceptually and ethically close to human health professionals, not least pediatricians. (shrink)

Porté aux nues par les écrivains du XIXè siècle qui voyaient en lui le type même du poète maudit, Byron (1788-1824) a subi au XXè siècle un long purgatoire avant d'être enfin reconnu comme une personnalité littéraire de premier plan. Après les traductions en prose du siècle dernier qui, malgré leur mérite, n'offraient qu'un pâle reflet, on redécouvre aujourd'hui toute la virtuosité d'un poète qui jongle avec les rimes et les rythmes et qui demandait donc à être traduit en vers. (...) Ce choix de poèmes n'a d'autre ambition que de donner une meilleure idée de ses œuvres les plus célèbres. On y retrouva des poèmes de circonstances qui transcendent l'anecdote autobiographique, des morceaux de bravoure qui ont fait la réputation de Childe Harold et de Don Juan, sans oublier cet hymne vibrant à la liberté qu'est le Prisonnier de Chillon et, pour finir, la dernière tirade de Marino Faliero, drame peu connu en France et suprême hommage du poète anglais à la Venise de son imagination. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:diacritics 34.1 (2004) 3-17 [Access article in PDF] Universal Shylockery Money and Morality in The Merchant of Venice Simon Critchley Tom McCarthy What if Nietzsche were a Jew, and a mean-minded Venetian Jew at that? We'd like to begin with the thought experiment of imagining The Merchant of Venice as a genealogy of morality and imagining Shylock as Nietzsche. What is The Merchant of Venice about? What is (...) at stake in this oddly inside-out drama, where a piece of good old Elizabethan comic Jew-baiting rotates 180 degrees into a devastating study of Christian anti-Semitism only to flip back into what it seemed to deny? Our initial hypothesis is that it is nothing less than an inquiry into the origin of our moral concepts of justice, good and bad, and more particularly guilt, law, mercy, and love. It is here that a link with Nietzsche suggests itself, particularly with the Second Essay of On the Genealogy of Morals.* * *How do we breed an animal with the right to make promises? For Nietzsche, the human being is an originally forgetful creature, like a young child. To make this originally forgetful creature remember requires physical discipline; it behooves punishment. The teaching of morality is never gentle; it never droppeth from heaven like gentle rain. On the contrary, if something is to be retained in memory, it must be burned in. The origin of memory lies in pain and cruelty: "Man could never do without blood, torture and sacrifices when he felt the need to create a memory for himself" [GM 61]. Nietzsche's first, astonishing hypothesis in the Second Essay is that the origin of concepts like responsibility and conscience lies in cruelty—cruelty administered and maintained through a corporal and corporeal regime. Further, as religions are systems of cruelty, all forms of asceticism originate in the same painful place. "Consider the German punishments," Nietzsche proposes—and we all know that there's nothing quite like the German punishments: stoning, breaking on the wheel, piercing with stakes, tearing apart or trampling with horses, boiling in oil, flaying alive, cutting straps from the flesh, smearing the wrongdoer with honey and leaving him to the flies in the blazing sun. As Nietzsche quips, with magnificent understatement, "With the aid of such images and procedures one finally remembers five or six 'I will not's'" [GM 62]. It is on the basis of this burned-in memory of cruelty that good, decent, upright burghers such as ourselves acquired the habit of moral reasoning:Ah, reason, seriousness, mastery over affects, the whole sombre thing called reflection, all these prerogatives and showpieces of man: how dearly they have been bought! How much blood and cruelty lie at the bottom of all "good things." [GM 62] [End Page 3]"Dearly bought": let's hold onto that trope of purchasing. In another extraordinary passage of the Second Essay, Nietzsche explains the origin of thinking itself in terms of economic activity:Setting prices, determining values, contriving equivalences, exchanging—these preoccupied the earliest thinking of man to so great an extent that in a sense they are thinking [das Denken ist]. [GM 70] In the beginning was trade. Human activity begins with exchange, with the to and fro of buying and selling, which are forms of life older than all other social alliances and organization. It is from here, Nietzsche insists, that human beings arrive at the first moral canon of justice:"Everything has its price; all things can be paid for"—the oldest and most naïve moral canon of justice, the beginning of all "good-naturedness," all "fairness," all "good will," all "objectivity" on earth. [GM 70] Which brings us to the origin of das Bewusstsein der Schuld and schlechte Gewissen, the consciousness of guilt and bad conscience. Nietzsche's hypothesis here, and our theme is beginning to come into focus, is that the origin of guilty conscience lies in the relation between a creditor and debtor, Glaubiger und Schuldner. The spiritual concept of guilt, Schuld, originates in the very material concept of Schulden... (shrink)

Le Japon rencontre la philosophie occidentale pendant la seconde moitié du XIX e siècle, quand il est sommé d'ouvrir ses ports et de moderniser ses infrastructures. Ses dirigeants adoptent alors pour modèle l'Allemagne de Bismarck et la philosophie allemande triomphe dans le monde philosophique. C'est surtout avec la réception de Bergson, dans les années 1910, que les philosophes japonais commencent à s'intéresser à la philosophie française. Le Japon et ses philosophes entretiennent dès lors de multiples rapports avec elle, non seulement (...) avec les textes mais aussi avec les philosophes français eux-mêmes, avec les institutions et avec l'idée nationale de « philosophie française ». Japan discovered Western philosophy during the second half of the 19th century, when it was summoned to open its harbors and to modernize its infrastructures. Its leaders then adopted the model of Bismarckian Germany and German philosophy triumphed in the philosophical world. It is most notably with the reception of Bergson, in the 1910s, that Japanese philosophers began to be interested in French philosophy. Japan and its philosophers have since then continued to entertain multiple relationships with it, not only through texts but also through French philosophers themselves, along with their institutions and the national concept of a « French philosophy ». (shrink)

Capturing the lively modernist milieu of Kenneth Burke's early career in Greenwich Village, where Burke arrived in 1915 fresh from high school in Pittsburgh, this book discovers him as an intellectual apprentice conversing with "the moderns." Burke found himself in the midst of an avant-garde peopled by Malcolm Cowley, Marianne Moore, Jean Toomer, Katherine Anne Porter, William Carlos Williams, Allen Tate, Hart Crane, Alfred Stieglitz, and a host of other fascinating figures. Burke himself, who died in 1993 at the age (...) of 96, has been hailed as America's most brilliant and suggestive critic and the most significant theorist of rhetoric since Cicero. Many schools of thought have claimed him as their own, but Burke has defied classification and indeed has often been considered a solitary, eccentric genius immune to intellectual fashions. But Burke's formative work of the 1920s, when he first defined himself and his work in the context of the modernist conversation, has gone relatively unexamined. Here we see Burke living and working with the crowd of poets, painters, and dramatists affiliated with Others magazine, Stieglitz's "291" gallery, and Eugene O'Neill's Provincetown Players; the leftists associated with the magazines The Masses and Seven Arts; the Dadaists; and the modernist writers working on literary journals like The Dial, where Burke in his capacity as an associate editor saw T. S. Eliot's "The Wasteland" into print for the first time and provided other editorial services for Thomas Mann, e.e. cummings, Ezra Pound, and many other writers of note. Burke also met the iconoclasts of the older generation represented by Theodore Dreiser and H. L. Mencken, the New Humanists, and the literary nationalists who founded Contact and The New Republic. Jack Selzer shows how Burke's own early poems, fiction, and essays emerged from and contributed to the modernist conversation in Greenwich Village. He draws on a wonderfully rich array of letters between Burke and his modernist friends and on the memoirs of his associates to create a vibrant portrait of the young Burke's transformation from aesthete to social critic. (shrink)

(For English, scroll down) „Kreativität“ ist ein sehr junger Begriff und ein sehr altes Phänomen. Sie gilt als unaufklärbares Rätsel, als eine Art „Black Box“ des Denkens. Dem kollektiven Bewußtsein zufolge ist sie etwas Rares, Flüchtiges, strapaziös zu erzielen und nur wenige Glückliche begünstigend. Das vorliegende Buch präsentiert eine logische Grundidee zur Entstehung von schöpferisch Neuem – Elemente aus Logik, Symbotheorie, Informations-, Kommunikations- und Medientheorie verbindend. Diese „Formel“ wird an philosophischen Stationen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart erprobt und weiterentwickelt, (...) darunter Theorien von Platon, Aristoteles, Leibniz, Baumgarten, Kant, Wittgenstein, Nelson Goodman und Gregory Bateson. Kreativität zeigt sich als ein Transformationsphänomen, welches das Denken auf eine andere logische Ebene führt, kategoriale Grenzen transformiert und Anschlußformen öffnet. Im Ergebnis ist sie nichts per Definition Abwesendes, erreichbar nur über den Umweg von unverfügbarer Gunst, weltabgewandter Passion oder verborgenen Tricks. Kreativität ist vielmehr omnipräsent, schöpferische Energien sind nur mit großem Aufwand zu unterdrücken, und die Frage, wie man sie erreicht, wird zur Frage, wie man ihr eine optimale Basis bereitet, ohne sie wesentlich zu behindern. Creativity" is a young term and an old phenomenon. It is considered an unexplainable enigma, a kind of "black box" of thought. According to the default view, it is something rare, fleeting, hard to achieve and favoring only a lucky few. The present book presents a logical formula for the emergence of creative newness - combining elements from logic, theories of symbolization, information-theory, communication- and media theories. This structural idea is tested and further developed by confronting it with select philosophical theories regarding the production of ‘newness’ from antiquity to the present, including theories by Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz, Baumgarten, Kant, Wittgenstein, Nelson Goodman and Gregory Bateson. As a result, creativity shows up as a transformation phenomenon, including different logical levels, thereby transforming categorical boundaries. As a result, it is not something mostly absent, attainable only through of luck, manic passion, or hidden tricks. Creativity is rather omnipresent, creative energies can only be suppressed with great effort, and the question of how to achieve it becomes the question of how to prepare an optimal basis without significantly hindering it. (shrink)

By far the most respected response by theists to the problem of evil is some version of the free will defense, which rests on the twin ideas that God could not create humans with free will without them committing evil acts, and that freedom is of such value that it is better that we have it than that we be perfect yet unfree. If we assume that the redeemed in heaven are impeccable, then the free will defense faces what I (...) call the Heaven Dilemma: either the redeemed in heaven are free, in which case it is false that you cannot be free without doing evil, or they are not, in which case (heaven being better than earth) it is false that we are better off with freedom and evil than without either. James Sennett has tried to defend a view of freedom that effectively allows us to be impeccable in heaven so long as we are not on earth, while claiming that we are free in both. I argue that this view leads to a new dilemma: either there is no point to earth at all, and given its miseries, it is wrong for God to make us pass through it to get to heaven (especially if we face the risk of ending up in hell), or Sennett’s view consigns millions who die tragically young to an eternity of unfreedom. (shrink)

This article explores the development of professional training for youth leaders (now, youth workers) in England and Wales between 1939 and 1945. The article identifies the state's construction of young people as a problematic social category at a time of national crisis and its mobilization of youth leadership as part of the war effort. The Board of Education supported, sometimes tacitly, the development of courses in some universities and voluntary organizations for youth leaders. By 1942 full-time courses of training (...) existed at five universities and university colleges and one voluntary organization and were recognized by the Board under Circular 1598. This article explores tensions between the discourse of voluntarism, in which youth leadership had traditionally been set, and the newly developing discourse of professionalism. The article suggests that these discourses are fundamentally ethical and tensions lay in contested definitions of the ?good youth leader?. Little consensus existed on what counted as the good leader, animating a conflict between voluntarism and state provision. The article concludes by drawing distinctions and continuities between the war years and the present day. (shrink)

Ce bref article propose un panorama des différentes approches théoriques et méthodologiques pour analyser le néolibéralisme. Il s’attache tout spécialement à définir les approches politico-économiques et gouvernementales (et dans quelle mesure elles s’opposent ou se combinent) et plaide en faveur d’une critique du néolibéralisme mieux construite sur le plan théorique et méthodologique dans le champ des Media Studies. En soulignant l’hétérogénéité des modes d’analyse d’un objet tel que le néolibéralisme, ainsi que les différences dans la manière dont ces approches se (...) déploient dans d’autres domaines des Studies, il préconisera donc d’appliquer ces regards critiques à la recherche menée également au sein de multiples disciplines dans d’autres pays (comme la France). (shrink)

Ce bref article propose un panorama des différentes approches théoriques et méthodologiques pour analyser le néolibéralisme. Il s’attache tout spécialement à définir les approches politico-économiques et gouvernementales (et dans quelle mesure elles s’opposent ou se combinent) et plaide en faveur d’une critique du néolibéralisme mieux construite sur le plan théorique et méthodologique dans le champ des Media Studies. En soulignant l’hétérogénéité des modes d’analyse d’un objet tel que le néolibéralisme, ainsi que les différences dans la manière dont ces approches se (...) déploient dans d’autres domaines des Studies, il préconisera donc d’appliquer ces regards critiques à la recherche menée également au sein de multiples disciplines dans d’autres pays (comme la France). (shrink)

Die Philosophie des Geldes und der Preise befasst sich mit sozialontologischen Fragen der Konstitution und Natur von Geldvorkommnissen, sowie der Bedeutung und der Bedingungen monetärer Wertzuschreibungen. Eine zentrale Demarkationslinie konkurrierender Positionen verläuft entlang der Frage, ob Geldvorkommnisse Warenwerte repräsentieren oder Verhältnisse von Kredit und Schuld anzeigen. Darüber hinaus werden in der Philosophie des Geldes moralphilosophische und politische Fragen thematisch. So kommt Geld eine zentrale Rolle in der Organisation ökonomischer Kooperation durch Märkte und in der Entwicklung und Innovation wirtschaftlicher Produktivkräfte zu. (...) Geld wird außerdem im Übergang von der Standesgesellschaft zur bürgerlichen Gesellschaft als freiheitsstiftende Institution wahrgenommen. So ersetzt die Geldvermittlung traditionelle Machtverhältnisse durch freiheitliche, und zumindest potenziell emanzipatorische Vertragsbeziehungen. Gleichzeitig erzeugt die zunehmende Bedeutung des Geldes soziale Ungleichheiten und neue Abhängigkeiten. Schließlich gehen das Streben nach Geld als Handlungsmotiv, die Verkäuflichkeit von nicht marktgeeigneten Gegenständen, sowie die Geldvermittlung außermarktlicher Verhältnisse mit moralischen Bedenken einher. (shrink)

Culture is a notoriously elusive concept. This fact has done nothing to hinder its popularity in contemporary analytic political philosophy among writers like John Rawls, Will Kymlicka, Michael Walzer, David Miller, Iris Marion Young, Joseph Raz, Avishai Margalit and Bikhu Parekh, among many others. However, this should stop, both for the metaphysical reason that the concept of culture, like that of race, is itself either incoherent or lacking a referent in reality, and for several normative reasons. I focus on (...) the following interconnected points: • The vagueness of the term allows a myriad of candidates to claim rights, and typically to the detriment of increased equality and environmental goals . • Cultural capital cannot be regulated in the way that political capital must be regulated without undermining the cultures supposedly being protected. And the possession of cultural capital is almost never democratically regulated. In particular, granting cultures political status creates intergenerational conflict, rewarding the elders and creating incentives to be conservative and restrict cultural mobility of the younger generation. •The notion of a group owning “its” culture is conceptually suspect and corrupted by the foregoing points about unequal cultural capital. In defending a group’s right to preserve its culture we do not defend equally the rights of the individuals that make it up , and we ignore altogether the rights of those who may be unfairly denied recognition as “members” of the culture. (shrink)

The idea of entrepreneurial discovery of profitable opportunities neglected by others as the driving force of the market process is the key contribution of Kirzner to economics. However, to enrich our understanding of the process of entrepreneurial discovery and to derive testable implications we need something more concrete than Kirzner’s alertness. The paper builds on Kirzner’s distinction between the logic of choice and perception, by arguing that the essence of decision making is coming to an understanding, and learning how to (...) act. A set of behavioral implications follows as patterns of learning in different contexts. Further, conventions emerge as a means of stabilizing mutual expectations. Stability of conventions on the one hand and learning over time on the other creates possibility of entrepreneurial discovery and endogenous process of change.L’idée de découverte entrepreneuriale des opportunités profitables ignorées par les autres en tant que force motrice du processus marchand représente la contribution fondamentale de Kirzner à la science économique. Cependant, nous devons disposer de quelque chose de plus concret que la vigilance kirznerienne si nous voulons approfondir notre compréhension du processus de découverte entrepreneuriale et en déduire des implications testables. L’article se fonde sur la distinction qu’opère Kirzner entre la logique des choix et la perception et propose que l’essence de la prise de décision consiste à parvenir à une compréhension et à apprendre comment agir. Un ensemble d’implications au niveau des comportements en découle comme schème d’ apprentissage dans des contextes différents. De plus, les conventions émergent en tant que moyens de stabilisation des anticipations mutuelles. La stabilité des conventions, d’un côté, et l’apprentissage dans le temps, de l’autre, créent la possibilité de découverte entrepreneuriale et de processus de changement endogènes. (shrink)

Cette contribution présente l’analyse de douze bilans d’apprentissage émanant de quatre dispositifs différents de formation initiale et continue d’enseignant·es du primaire, du secondaire et de mentor·es de Suisse romande. Le cadrage théorique prend appui sur une approche historico-culturelle dans laquelle le langage sous forme écrite, met en évidence les indices que les sujets donnent à voir dans les textes réflexifs rédigés en formations initiale ou continue concernant leurs apprentissages. Les contenus mobilisés dans les textes, les systèmes de régulations proposés, les (...) postures et les positionnements revêtus dans les prises en charge énonciatives mises en exergue dans les résultats, éclairent les questions suivantes : En quoi l'écriture de textes réflexifs participe-t-elle au développement professionnel? Quelles dimensions des processus de formation cette écriture donne-t-elle à voir? Quels sont les contenus sur lesquels portent ces écrits sous forme de bilans d'apprentissage? (shrink)

Résumé Le Japon rencontre la philosophie occidentale pendant la seconde moitié du xix e siècle, quand il est sommé d’ouvrir ses ports et de moderniser ses infrastructures. Ses dirigeants adoptent alors pour modèle l’Allemagne de Bismarck et la philosophie allemande triomphe dans le monde philosophique. C’est surtout avec la réception de Bergson, dans les années 1910, que les philosophes japonais commencent à s’inté­resser à la philosophie française. Le Japon et ses philosophes entretiennent dès lors de multiples rapports avec elle, non (...) seulement avec les textes mais aussi avec les philosophes français eux-mêmes, avec les institutions et avec l’idée nationale de « philosophie française ». (shrink)

A resurgence of interest in inner speech as a core feature of human experience has not yet coincided with methodological progress in the empirical study of the phenomenon. The present article reports the development and psychometric validation of a novel instrument, the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire , designed to assess the phenomenological properties of inner speech along dimensions of dialogicality, condensed/expanded quality, evaluative/motivational nature, and the extent to which inner speech incorporates other people’s voices. In response to findings that (...) some forms of psychopathology may relate to inner speech, anxiety, depression, and proneness to auditory and visual hallucinations were also assessed. Anxiety, but not depression, was found to be uniquely positively related to both evaluative/motivational inner speech and the presence of other voices in inner speech. Only dialogic inner speech predicted auditory hallucination-proneness, with no inner speech variables predicting levels of visual hallucinations/disturbances. Directions for future research are discussed. (shrink)

During high summer 1721, while rioters and bankrupts gathered outside Parliament, Robert Walpole's new ministry forced through a bill to clear up the wreckage left by the stock-market crash, the South Sea Bubble, and the visionary projects swept away when it burst. In early August the President of the Royal Society Isaac Newton, a major investor in South Sea stock, and the Society's projectors, learned of a new commercial scheme promising apparently automatic profits, a project for a perpetual motion. Their (...) informants were a young Viennese courtier Joseph Emmanuel Fischer von Erlach, a contact of Desaguliers recently engaged in industrial espionage in northern England, and the Leiden physics professor Willem 'sGravesande, who had visited London five years earlier. They reported that they had been summoned to a remarkable series of demonstrations in the castle of Weissenstein, the seat of the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. In a carefully guarded room of the castle there was set up a hollow wooden wheel covered in oilcloth, about 12 feet in diameter and 18 inches thick on an axle 6 feet in length. Its designer, a Saxon engineer and clockmaker Johann Bessler, who travelled Germany under the name Orffyreus, had been in Kassel for four years, published schemes for perpetual motion and been appointed commercial councillor. The Landgrave, well-known as a patron of advanced engineering schemes, commissioned him to build a new machine and put it on show before expert witnesses (Figure 1). (shrink)